Unit 1 Compendium 1- Cells

I. Exploring Life and Science

A. Life is organized: atom-> molecule-> cell-> tissue-> organ-> organ system-> organism
1. Life evolves through time by adapting to new environments and conditions.

B. Life Domains
1. Eukarya- animals, humans, plants, fungi, protists -
All have a membrane- bound nucleus
2. Archaea and Bacteria all lack a membrane- bound
nucleus.

C. Science and Theories
1. Discoveries: Cells, Homeostasis, Genes, Ecosystem,
Evolution, cause of Ulcers.

D. Scientific Studies
1. What to look for: Graphs and Statistical Data

E. Every person has interacted with science and technology, giving each person the responsibility to participate in how they are used to better the world.

II. Chemistry of Life

A. Atoms and Molecules
1. Atoms, the smallest unit of an element, when fused with other atoms, forms molecules.

B. The H2O Molecule (A.K.A. Water)
1. The amount of +H in a molecule determines whether it is a base or an acid. More +H = Acid, Less +H = Base.
2. Ex: Acid- Tomatoes; Base- Ammonia; Neutral- Pure Water

C. Carbohydrates: Used for short term energy.
1. Glucose- Simple Carbohydrate ( Mono saccharides
and Di saccharides).
2. Starch- Complex Carbohydrate ( Polysaccharides).

D. Lipids: Fats and oils, while needed for long
term energy, are not good for your health.

E. Proteins: many different shapes and functions.
1. Ex: hair, muscle, hemoglobin, hormones.

F. Nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA- bound nucleotides
in either a single helix(RNA) or double helix(DNA).

III. Cell Structure and Function.

A. Cell- basic unit of life, too small to see by eye, that can only be reproduced by another existing cell.

B. How cells are organized.
1. Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus.

C. Plasma membrane: Phospholipids bound with proteins that allow certain things in and out of a cell.

D. The Nucleus and the Production of Proteins
1. In the chromatin, DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of the protein, the proteins are then made by the ribosomes, and lastly, the Golgi modifies the proteins before being secreted by the cell.

E. Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement.
1. Crisscrossed fibers forming the cytoskeleton hold the cells shape, while cilia and flagellum help move ATP energy molecules.

F. The Mitochondria uses cellular respiration to break down Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, into ATP energy molecules.

IV. Body Systems

A. Tissue Types- Connective, Muscular, Nervous, and Epithelial
1. Connective- 3 types- fibrous, supportive, and fluid.
2. Muscular- 3 types- skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
3. Nervous- contains neurons and neuroglia (supportive cells)- brain, nerves, spinal cord.
4. Epithelial- 5 types- simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified, and stratified squamous.

B. Cell Junctions- 3 types- tight, adhesion, and gap.
1. Tight- prevents joined cells from leaking anything.
2. Adhesion- connects cells permanently.
3. Gap- connects cells cytoplasms.

C. Integumentary System- The Skin
1. The skin and it's organ system work together to keep the body at the right temperature; It works kind of like a thermostat: Too hot- open pores and sweat to cool off, Too cold- close pores to hold in body heat and stop sweating.

D. Organ Systems- 11 types

1. Integumentary- skin 7. Skeletal
2. Cardiovascular 8. Muscular
3. Lymphatic and Immune 9. Nervous
4. Digestive 10. Endocrine
5. Respiratory 11. Reproductive
6. Urinary

12. All of the systems work together to maintain the body's Homeostasis.


E. Homeostasis- the body's ability to maintain consistency in it's internal environment by adjusting certain things.


( All images thanks to Google images.)